A 3D mesh is a structural build of a 3D model consisting of polygons
by the fault you will be in a “Object Mode”, which is where you will select a mesh if you want to select the following items, you will need to go into “Edit Mode”
the orange icon selected here is the face mode. You will just be selecting faces.
the white orange face is the selected polygon face
the orange icon selected here is the edge mode. You will just be selecting edges.
the white line is the selected edge
the orange icon selected here is the vertices mode. You will just be selecting vertices.
the white dot is the selected vertices. the orange gradient edge means the edge connected to it